日韩免费一区二区三区在线-日韩免费影院-日韩免费专区-日韩男女-福利片国产-福利片免费一区二区三区

肉蓯蓉

肉蓯蓉 張桂徵繪

肉蓯蓉（Herba Cistanches）為我國傳統使用的補益類中藥材，《中華人民共和國藥典》收錄了列當科肉蓯蓉屬（Cistanche）的兩種植物作為藥材的來源，分別是荒漠肉蓯蓉（C.deserticola）和管花肉蓯蓉（C. tubulosa），它們的干燥肉質莖作為藥材使用。在內蒙和新疆產區，肉蓯蓉也常被稱為“大蕓”，因其補益作用，民間常有“沙漠人參”的美譽。

荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola

肉蓯蓉始載于《神農本草經》（東漢），在我國已有兩千多年的使用歷史。歷代本草對肉蓯蓉均有記載。傳統上認為其主要功效為“補腎陽，益精氣，潤腸通便。據現代考證，我國古代所使用的肉蓯蓉主要來源于荒漠肉蓯蓉（C. deserticola），同時列當科的草蓯蓉(Boschniakia rossica)、列當(Orobanche coerulescens)、鹽生肉蓯蓉(Cistanche salsa)均在不同的歷史時期被混用過。

荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola

現代藥理學研究表明，肉蓯蓉具有保肝、免疫調節、抗疲勞、保護神經系統、增強腸胃功能等作用。肉蓯蓉苯乙醇總苷及其單體毛蕊花糖苷和松果菊苷具抗肝纖維化的作用；肉蓯蓉總苷、肉蓯蓉苯乙醇苷、肉蓯蓉多糖和毛蕊花糖苷具有保護神經作用；肉蓯蓉多糖具有抗疲勞作用；肉蓯蓉低分子糖和甘露醇具有免疫調節作用；肉蓯蓉多糖、松果菊苷、總寡糖、半乳糖醇可改善腸胃功能。

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

肉蓯蓉的兩種來源物種均為寄生植物，生于荒漠沙丘中。荒漠肉蓯蓉（C.deserticola）為我國特有種，自內蒙古西部經寧夏、甘肅至新疆北部分布，其宿主主要為藜科植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和白梭梭（H. persicum）。而管花肉蓯蓉（C. tubulosa）主要分布于新疆天山以南塔克拉瑪干沙漠周圍各縣，在中亞至西亞地區也有分布，宿主為檉柳科的檉柳(紅柳)屬植物（Tamarix spp.）。管花肉蓯蓉根據《Flora of China》記載，其正確學名為C. mongolica，然而C.tubulosa在我國沿用已久，諸多研究依然使用，本文未作改變。

荒漠肉蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola

兩個物種區別明顯，荒漠肉蓯蓉莖的橫斷面上可見維管束成波狀排列，其莖柔韌，故藥材也稱為“軟蓯蓉”，而管花肉蓯蓉維管束在橫斷面上呈點狀散生，其莖較硬，藥材也稱為“硬蓯蓉”。肉蓯蓉屬植物的種子極為細小，并且具有休眠特性，當遇到適宜環境時，在宿主植物根系分泌的刺激物作用下萌發形成類胚根狀體，在其末端形成吸器，吸器與寄主根部接觸并到達維管束，不斷從寄主身上獲取養分，完成寄生及生長過程。

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

肉蓯蓉用途廣泛，根據國家處方數據庫和保健品數據庫統計，在中成藥中肉蓯蓉為原料的藥品有 196  種，保健品有 46 種。肉蓯蓉出口數量也在不斷擴大，已出口到日本、韓國、東南亞地區各國及我國港澳臺市場等 38 個國家和地區。逐漸擴大的使用范圍使得野生資源量已無法滿足市場需求，我國已通過人工栽培不斷擴大肉蓯蓉的產量，目前荒漠肉蓯蓉在內蒙古西部，管花肉蓯蓉在新疆南部均有較大量的人工生產。宿主植物的大面積栽培，不僅僅為肉蓯蓉的產量提高了保障，而且也起到防風固沙的作用，保護了荒漠生態環境。

Herba Cistanches

Herba Cistanches (Chinese common name as Rou Congrong or Dayun) is a traditional Chinese medicinal material for tonics. In The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, there are two species of Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) for sources of this herb, namely C.deserticola and C. tubulosa, which  dried succulent stems are used as medicinal materials. Because of its promising health benefits, the folks often have the reputation of "Desert Ginseng".

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

Herba Cistanches was first recorded in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" (Eastern Han Dynasty) with more than two thousand years of use history. Subsequently it has been documented in a series of ancient herbal classics. Traditionally, its main effects are believed to treat kidney deficiency, impotence, female infertility and senile constipation. According to modern research, Herba Cistanches used in ancient China was mainly sourced from C. deserticola, and some species of Orobanchaceae had been mixed in different historical periods, such as Boschniakia rossica, Orobanche coerulescens and Cistanche salsa .

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

Modern pharmacological studies revealed that Herba Cistanches showed various activities such as protecting liver, immune regulation, anti-fatigue, protecting the nervous system and enhancing gastrointestinal function. Total phenylethanol glycosides of Cistanches and its monomer (verbascoside and echinacoside) have anti-hepatic fibrosis effects; Total glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, Cistanches polysaccharides and verbascoside have neuroprotective effects; Cistanches polysaccharide has anti-fatigue effect; Cistanches low molecular sugar and mannitol have immunoregulatory effect; Cistanche polysaccharide, echinacoside, total oligosaccharide and galactose can improve gastrointestinal function.

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

The two source species of Herba Cistanches are parasitic plants in desert. C. deserticola is an endemic species of China, distributed from western Inner Mongolia through Ningxia and Gansu to northern Xinjiang. Its hosts are mainly chenopodiaceous plants Haloxylon ammodendron and H. persicum. C. tubulosa is mainly distributed in counties around the Taklimakan Desert south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, and is also distributed in Central Asia to West Asia. The host is Tamarix spp.( Tamaricaceae).

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

There are obvious differences between the two species. The vascular bundles ofC. deserticola are arranged in a wave shape on transversal surface of stem, and the medicinal material is also called "Soft Congrong " because of softer stems. The vascular bundles of C. tubulosa are scattered in dots on the cross section, and the medicinal material is also called "Hard Congrong" because of harder stems. The seeds ofCistanche spp. are extremely small with dormant characteristics. In a suitable environment, they will germinate to form radicle-like bodies under the action of the stimulus secreted by the roots of the host plant, and continuously obtain nutrients from the host by haustrum of roots ends.

管花肉蓯蓉 Cistanche tubulosa

Herba Cistanches has a wide range of uses. According to the statistics of the national prescription database and health care product database, there are 196 kinds of Chinese patent medicines and 46 kinds of health care products. The export volume of Herba Cistanches is also expanding, and it has been exported to 38 countries and regions including Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of China The gradual expansion of the use of wild resources has made it impossible to meet the market demand. China has continuously expanded the production of Herba Cistanches through artificial cultivation. At present, C. deserticola in western Inner Mongolia, C. tubulosa in southern Xinjiang has a large amount of artificial production. The large-scale cultivation of host plants not only improves the yield of Herba Cistanches, but also plays a role in wind-proof and sand-fixing to protects the desert ecological environment.

專家顧問：張本剛  |  張憲春

文化顧問：張桂徵  |  張振華

攝    影：姜    勇       

稿    源：齊耀東         

翻    譯：齊耀東         

責任編輯：孔祥瑞 ｜李姍姍  |  楚雅南